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In 2030, the world's population will be a staggering eight billion people. Of these, two-thirds will live in cities; most will be poor. With limited resources, this unbalanced growth will be one of the greatest challenges faced by societies across the globe. In the coming years, city authorities, urban planners, designers, economists and others will have to join forces to(...)
Uneven growth: tactical urbanisms for expanding megacities
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In 2030, the world's population will be a staggering eight billion people. Of these, two-thirds will live in cities; most will be poor. With limited resources, this unbalanced growth will be one of the greatest challenges faced by societies across the globe. In the coming years, city authorities, urban planners, designers, economists and others will have to join forces to avoid a major social and economic catastrophe and to ensure that these expanding megacities will be habitable. Exploring how emergent forms of tactical urbanism could address rapid and uneven urban growth around the globe, The Museum of Modern Art presents Uneven Growth: Tactical Urbanisms for Expanding Megacities, its third iteration of the Issues in Contemporary Architecture series. Uneven Growth is a combination of workshop, exhibition and publication that brings together ideas from an international group of scholars, practitioners and other experts on architecture and urbanism. Featuring proposals for six cities on five continents-New York, Mumbai, Rio de Janeiro, Istanbul, Hong Kong and Lagos, each developed by a pair of teams (one local to the host city and one abroad)-Uneven Growth also documents the brainstorming processes and the workshops. Contributions from each of the teams and essays by leading scholars on the issue make the publication a rich resource for students and professionals alike. Participating teams include Cohabitation Strategies with Situ Studio, POP Lab with URBZ, MAS Urban Design ETH with Rua Arquitetos, Atelier d'Architecture Autogérée with Superpool, Network Architecture Lab with MAP Office and Inteligencias Colectivas with NLÉ Architects.
Urban Theory
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Claude Parent
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L'hypothèse de la " Fonction oblique " préconisant la fixation de la vie des hommes sur les plans inclinés, fut énoncée en 1964 par Claude Parent et Paul Virilio. Les textes qui vont suivre en présentent l'explication, tendent à parvenir à une globalisation des solutions de concentration urbaine et illustrent par certains exemples concrets les possibilités illimitées de(...)
Claude Parent
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L'hypothèse de la " Fonction oblique " préconisant la fixation de la vie des hommes sur les plans inclinés, fut énoncée en 1964 par Claude Parent et Paul Virilio. Les textes qui vont suivre en présentent l'explication, tendent à parvenir à une globalisation des solutions de concentration urbaine et illustrent par certains exemples concrets les possibilités illimitées de cette nouvelle prise de possession de l'espace. Encore faut-il se prémunir contre une tendance naturelle à la nouveauté, car lorsque l'on connaît les principes essentiels de la fonction oblique, on s'aperçoit que cette proposition a préexisté dans le passé à des époques très éloignées dans le temps, très différentes dans l'option morale ou économique, et qu'elle a donné naissance à des formulations concrètes dont l'archéologie nous porte témoignage irrécusable. Depuis la Turquie du septième millénaire avant Jésus-Christ jusqu'aux villages actuels du Sud Algérien, un passé de la fonction oblique existe. Ce passé a eu ou conserve sa vérité, sa réalité sociologique. C'est à ce titre qu'il est permis de " découvrir " d'imaginer dans le passé, cette " archéologie du futur ", aussi bien qu'il est possible dans le présent de détecter les " germes " en pensée ou en acte d'une futurologie, c'est-à-dire d'une science de la découverte de l'avenir de l'humanité, dans la mesure où cet avenir n'est ni imposé, ni subi par les deux parties contractantes : la population, les créateurs-inventeurs mais intégré de par l'imagination des uns à l'usage de l'autre. On doit lire le passé comme un futur à découvrir.
books
January 2005, Paris
Architectural Theory
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Amidst city concrete and suburban sprawl, Americans are discovering new ways to reconnect with the natural world. From community gardens in New York's Lower East Side to homeless shelters in California, the search for a more sustainable future has led grassroots groups to a profound reconnection to place and to the natural world. Studies of the health consequences of(...)
Urban place : reconnecting with the natural world
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Amidst city concrete and suburban sprawl, Americans are discovering new ways to reconnect with the natural world. From community gardens in New York's Lower East Side to homeless shelters in California, the search for a more sustainable future has led grassroots groups to a profound reconnection to place and to the natural world. Studies of the health consequences of renewing a connection with nature support the urgency of providing green surroundings as cities expand and the majority of the earth's population lives in urban areas. Medical research results, from groups as diverse as healthy volunteers, surgery patients, and heart attack survivors, suggest that contact with nature may improve health and well-being. Engagement with nearby natural places also provides restoration from mental fatigue and support for more resilient and cooperative behavior. Aspects of stronger community life are fostered by access to nature, suggesting that there are significant social as well as physical and psychological benefits from connection with the natural world. This volume brings together research from anthropology, sociology, public health, psychology, and landscape architecture to highlight how awareness of locale and a meaningful renewal of attachment with the earth are connected to delight in learning about nature as well as to civic action and new forms of community. Community garden coalitions, organic market advocates, and greenspace preservationists resist the power of global forces, enacting visions of a different future. Their creative efforts tell a story of a constructive and dynamic middle ground between private plots and public action, between human health and ecosystem health, between individual attachment and urban sustainability.
Urban Theory
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366 cartograms cover a vast array of subjects, providing a definitive reference on how regions and countries compare in resources, production, consumption, and more. Advances in technology have made widespread and detailed data gathering easier, resulting in a deluge of statistics on subjects as diverse as literacy rates, military spending, overweight children,(...)
Architectural Drawing
October 2008, New York
The atlas of the real world: mapping the way we live
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366 cartograms cover a vast array of subjects, providing a definitive reference on how regions and countries compare in resources, production, consumption, and more. Advances in technology have made widespread and detailed data gathering easier, resulting in a deluge of statistics on subjects as diverse as literacy rates, military spending, overweight children, television viewing figures, and endangered species. But how do we represent and compare data from one part of the world to another in a useful way? Here, sophisticated software combined with comprehensive analysis of every aspect of life represents the world as it really is. Digitally modified maps depict the areas and countries of the world not by their physical size but by their demographic importance on a vast range of topics. The rainforests of South America, with thirty percent of the world's fresh water, make the continent balloon in an analysis of water resources, whereas Kuwait, dependent on desalinated seawater, disappears from the map. Fuel use, alcohol consumption, population, malaria: here are hundreds of key indicators to the way we live. This innovative and exceptionally accessible reference work will be an indispensable tool for journalists, economists, marketers, politicians, financiers, environmentalists, and scholars. Its cartograms are augmented by graphs, tables, and full commentaries. 366 color maps. About the Author Daniel Dorling is Professor of Human Geography at the University of Sheffield, England. Mark Newman is Assistant Professor of Physics and Complex Systems at the University of Michigan. Anna Barford is a Research Associate at the University of Sheffield.
Architectural Drawing
Antarctic resolution
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Accounting for approximately 10% of the land mass of Planet Earth, the Antarctic is a global commons we collectively neglect. Far from being a pristine natural landscape, the continent is a contested territory which conceals resources that might prove irresistible in a world with ever-increasing population growth. The 26 quadrillion tons of ice accumulated on its bedrock,(...)
Antarctic resolution
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Accounting for approximately 10% of the land mass of Planet Earth, the Antarctic is a global commons we collectively neglect. Far from being a pristine natural landscape, the continent is a contested territory which conceals resources that might prove irresistible in a world with ever-increasing population growth. The 26 quadrillion tons of ice accumulated on its bedrock, equivalent to around 70% of the fresh water on our planet, represent at once the most significant repository of scientific data available, providing crucial information for future environmental policies, and the greatest menace to global coastal settlements threatened by the rise in sea levels induced by anthropogenic global warming. ''Antarctic Resolution'' advocates the rejection of the pixelated view of Antarctica offered to us by big data companies and urges the construction of a high-resolution image focusing on the continent’s unique geography, unparalleled scientific potential, contemporary geopolitical significance, experimental governance system and its extreme inhabitation model. Only the concerted determination of a transnational network of multidisciplinary polar experts—represented here in the form of authored texts, photographic essays and data-based visual portfolios—could construct such an image and reveal the intricate web of growing economic and strategic interests, tensions and international rivalries, which are enveloped in darkness, as is the continent for six months of the year. Learning from Antarctica’s spirit of cooperation, ''Antarctic Resolution'' aspires to launch a platform, an agency for change, where citizens can undertake a true Antarctic resolution and engage in a unanimous effort—independent of nation—to shape the future of the Antarctic and, in turn, of our planet.
Contemporary Architecture
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Aujourd'hui, alors que plus de la moitié de la population mondiale vit dans des villes ou des lieux fortement urbanisés et que tous les " urbains " sont loin d'avoir accès aux avantages de la vie moderne, il est urgent de (re)penser la ville pour améliorer le bien-être de tous... sans hypothéquer les chances des générations futures. C'est ce que propose de faire cet(...)
Sous la ville durable le génie urbain
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Aujourd'hui, alors que plus de la moitié de la population mondiale vit dans des villes ou des lieux fortement urbanisés et que tous les " urbains " sont loin d'avoir accès aux avantages de la vie moderne, il est urgent de (re)penser la ville pour améliorer le bien-être de tous... sans hypothéquer les chances des générations futures. C'est ce que propose de faire cet ouvrage en rendant compte des nombreuses initiatives menées en ce sens en France comme à l'étranger, au Nord comme au Sud. II est aussi l'occasion de faire découvrir un univers méconnu : celui des réseaux et infrastructures de transports, d'assainissement, de communication, le plus souvent enfouis dans le sol et dont dépend notre vie urbaine. Et derrière ces réseaux, les hommes et les femmes qui les conçoivent, les installent et en assurent la maintenance suivant les principes du génie urbain. Art plus que centenaire de gérer la ville selon une vision unitaire et globale qui en assure la cohérence d'ensemble, le génie urbain se révèle être une contribution majeure à la ville durable. Mais il est aussi questionné par les nouveaux enjeux qu'elle recouvre. Pour nourrir le débat, l'ouvrage s'appuie sur les éclairages de différents professionnels de la ville (responsables de la voirie, de l'assainissement, de la gestion de l'eau...) partageant un point commun : ils sont tous anciens diplômés de l'École des ingénieurs de la ville de Paris (EIVP), la seule école d'ingénieurs à délivrer un diplôme en génie urbain reconnu par l'État, et qui fête cette année ses cinquante ans d'existence.
Green Architecture
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Who are you? And how can you prove it? How were individuals described and identified by people who had never seen them before, in the centuries before photography and fingerprinting, in a world without centralized administrations, where names and addresses were constantly changing? In "Who are you?", Valentin Groebner traces the early modern European history of(...)
Who are you? : identification, deception, and surveillance in early modern Europe
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Who are you? And how can you prove it? How were individuals described and identified by people who had never seen them before, in the centuries before photography and fingerprinting, in a world without centralized administrations, where names and addresses were constantly changing? In "Who are you?", Valentin Groebner traces the early modern European history of identification practices and identity papers. The documents, seals, stamps, and signatures were — and are — powerful tools that created the double of a person in writ and bore the indelible signs of bureaucratic authenticity. Ultimately, as Groebner lucidly explains, they revealed as much about their makers’ illustory fantasies as they did about their bearers’ actual identity. The bureaucratic desire to register and control the population created, from the sixteenth century onward, an intricate administrative system for tracking individual identities. Most important, the proof of one’s identity was intimately linked and determined by the identification papers the authorities demanded and endlessly supplied. At the same time, these papers and practices gave birth to two uncanny doppelgängers of administrative identity procedures : the spy who craftily forged official documents and passports, and the impostor who dissimulated and mimed any individual he so disired. Through careful research and powerful narrative, Groebner recounts the complicated and bizarre stories of the many ways in which identities were stolen, created, and doubled. Groebner argues that identity papers cannot be interpreted literally as pure and simple documents. They are themselves pieces of history, histories of individuals and individuality, papers that both document and transform their owner’s identity — from Renaissance vagrants and gypsies to the illegal immigrants of today who remain "sans papiers", without papers.
Architectural Theory
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La crise du logement frappe durement la population du Québec. Et dès qu’il est question de cet enjeu, le nom du FRAPRU vient immédiatement en tête. Depuis sa création en 1978, le Front d’action populaire en réaménagement urbain est un acteur incontournable des luttes citoyennes en matière d’habitation. Entre la construction d’un bidonville devant l’Assemblée nationale, un(...)
Dans la rue : Une histoire du FRAPRU et des luttes pour le logement au Québec
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La crise du logement frappe durement la population du Québec. Et dès qu’il est question de cet enjeu, le nom du FRAPRU vient immédiatement en tête. Depuis sa création en 1978, le Front d’action populaire en réaménagement urbain est un acteur incontournable des luttes citoyennes en matière d’habitation. Entre la construction d’un bidonville devant l’Assemblée nationale, un campement sur la rivière des Outaouais en hiver, les manifestations, les occupations et les spectacles, les actions du FRAPRU ne laissent jamais indifférents. Le FRAPRU est issu des premiers comités citoyens nés dans les années 1960?–?1970 en réaction aux projets de rénovation urbaine qui éventraient les centres-villes et en chassaient les classes populaires au nom du progrès. Aujourd’hui, il est actif sur le front du logement et de la défense des droits sociaux, comme la lutte contre la pauvreté ou le financement des services publics. François Saillant, qui en a été le porte-parole pendant près de 38 ans, raconte ici l’histoire de ce regroupement qui est parvenu, malgré des moyens modestes, à influencer certaines politiques publiques afin d’éviter des reculs majeurs en matière de droit au logement et de justice sociale. Cette plongée historique permet de mesurer l’impact des décisions politiques passées sur la crise actuelle du logement. Récit d’une aventure collective, Dans la rue est l’histoire de « tant et tant de personnes qui, au fil des ans, se sont impliquées dans leurs groupes locaux […] pour poursuivre sans relâche la lutte pour le droit au logement et la justice sociale ». À la fois témoignage de l’intérieur et exercice de mémoire militante, ce livre leur est dédié.
Humans and cities
The end of suburbia
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Since World War II North Americans have invested much of their newfound wealth in suburbia. It has promised a sense of space, affordability, family life and upward mobility. As the population of suburban sprawl has exploded in the past 50 years, so too has the suburban way of life become embedded in the American consciousness. Suburbia, and all it promises, has become(...)
The end of suburbia
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Since World War II North Americans have invested much of their newfound wealth in suburbia. It has promised a sense of space, affordability, family life and upward mobility. As the population of suburban sprawl has exploded in the past 50 years, so too has the suburban way of life become embedded in the American consciousness. Suburbia, and all it promises, has become the American Dream. But as we enter the 21st century, serious questions are beginning to emerge about the sustainability of this way of life. With brutal honesty and a touch of irony, "The End of Suburbia" explores the American Way of Life and its prospects as the planet approaches a critical era, as global demand for fossil fuels begins to outstrip supply. World Oil Peak and the inevitable decline of fossil fuels are upon us now, some scientists and policy makers argue in this documentary. The consequences of inaction in the face of this global crisis are enormous. What does Oil Peak mean for North America? As energy prices skyrocket in the coming years, how will the populations of suburbia react to the collapse of their dream? Are today's suburbs destined to become the slums of tomorrow? And what can be done NOW, individually and collectively, to avoid The End of Suburbia ? Hosted by Barrie Zwicker. Featuring James Howard Kunstler, Peter Calthorpe, Michael Klare, Richard Heinberg, Matthew Simmons, Michael C. Ruppert, Julian Darley, Colin Campbell, Kenneth Deffeyes, Ali Samsam Bakhtiari and Steve Andrews. Directed by Gregory Greene. Produced by Barry Silverthorn. Duration: 78 minutes DVD BONUS: Includes the vintage short films, "In the Suburbs" and "Destination Earth", and producer/director commentary.
DVDs
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The American suburban dream house-a single-family, detached dwelling, frequently clustered in tight rows and cul-de-sacs-has been attacked for some time as homogeneous and barren, yet the suburbs are home to half of the American population. Architectural historian John Archer suggests the endurance of the ideal house is deeply rooted in the notions of privacy, property,(...)
Architecture and suburbia: from english villa to American dream house, 1690-2000
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The American suburban dream house-a single-family, detached dwelling, frequently clustered in tight rows and cul-de-sacs-has been attacked for some time as homogeneous and barren, yet the suburbs are home to half of the American population. Architectural historian John Archer suggests the endurance of the ideal house is deeply rooted in the notions of privacy, property, and selfhood that were introduced in late seventeenth-century England and became the foundation of the American nation and identity. Spanning four centuries, Architecture and Suburbia explores phenomena ranging from household furnishings and routines to the proliferation of the dream house in parallel with Cold War politics. Beginning with John Locke, whose Enlightenment philosophy imagined individuals capable of self-fulfillment, Archer examines the eighteenth-century British bourgeois villa and the earliest London suburbs. He recounts how early American homeowners used houses to establish social status and how twentieth-century Americans continued to flock to single-family houses in the suburbs, encouraged by patriotism, fueled by consumerism, and resisting disdain by disaffected youths, designers, and intellectuals. Finally, he recognizes “hybridized” or increasingly diverse American suburbs as the dynamic basis for a strengthened social fabric. From Enlightenment philosophy to rap lyrics, from the rise of a mercantile economy to discussions over neighborhoods, sprawl, and gated communities, Archer addresses the past, present, and future of the American dream house. John Archer is professor of cultural studies and comparative literature at the University of Minnesota. His book The Literature of British Domestic Architecture, 1715-1842, is the standard reference on the subject, and he also contributed to the Encyclopedia of Urban America and the Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Architecture.
Suburbs