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Inspired by the rise of environmental psychology and increasing support for behavioral research after the Second World War, new initiatives at the federal, state, and local levels looked to influence the human psyche through form, or elicit desired behaviors with environmental incentives, implementing what Joy Knoblauch calls 'psychological functionalism.' Recruited by(...)
The architecture of good behaviour
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Inspired by the rise of environmental psychology and increasing support for behavioral research after the Second World War, new initiatives at the federal, state, and local levels looked to influence the human psyche through form, or elicit desired behaviors with environmental incentives, implementing what Joy Knoblauch calls 'psychological functionalism.' Recruited by federal construction and research programs for institutional reform and expansion — which included hospitals, mental health centers, prisons, and public housing—architects theorized new ways to control behavior and make it more functional by exercising soft power, or power through persuasion, with their designs. In the 1960s – 1970s era of anti-institutional sentiment, they hoped to offer an enlightened, palatable, more humane solution to larger social problems related to health, mental health, justice, and security of the population by applying psychological expertise to institutional design. In turn, Knoblauch argues, architects gained new roles as researchers, organizers, and writers while theories of confinement, territory, and surveillance proliferated. 'The Architecture of Good Behavior' explores psychological functionalism as a political tool and the architectural projects funded by a postwar nation in its efforts to govern, exert control over, and ultimately pacify its patients, prisoners, and residents.
Architectural Theory
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As London emerged from the devastation of the Second World War, planners and policymakers sought to rebuild the city in ways that would reshape the behavior of its citizens as much as it would its buildings and infrastructure—a program defined by a strong emphasis on civic order and conservative values of national community. One of the groups most significantly affected(...)
The spiv and the architect: unruly life in postwar London
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As London emerged from the devastation of the Second World War, planners and policymakers sought to rebuild the city in ways that would reshape the behavior of its citizens as much as it would its buildings and infrastructure—a program defined by a strong emphasis on civic order and conservative values of national community. One of the groups most significantly affected by this new, moralistic climate of reformation and renewal was queer men, whom the police, the media, and lawmakers targeted as an urgent urban problem by marking their lives and desires as criminal and deviant. Richard Hornsey examines how queer men legitimized, resisted, and reinvented this ambitious reconstruction program, which extended from the design of basic public spaces and municipal libraries to private living rooms and home decor. From their association with the urban stereotype of the spiv (slang for a young petty criminal who lived by his wits and shirked legitimate work) and vilification in the tabloids as perverts to the assimilated homosexuals within reformist psychology, Hornsey details how these efforts to transform London fundamentally restructured the experiences and identities of gay men in the city and throughout the country.
Gender Theory in Architecture
What comes after farce?
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If farce follows tragedy, what follows farce? Where does the double predicament of a post-truth and post-shame politics leave artists and critics on the left? How to demystify a hegemonic order that dismisses its own contradictions? How to belittle a political elite that cannot be embarrassed, or to mock party leaders who thrive on the absurd? How to out-dada President(...)
What comes after farce?
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If farce follows tragedy, what follows farce? Where does the double predicament of a post-truth and post-shame politics leave artists and critics on the left? How to demystify a hegemonic order that dismisses its own contradictions? How to belittle a political elite that cannot be embarrassed, or to mock party leaders who thrive on the absurd? How to out-dada President Ubu? And, in any event, why add outrage to a media economy that thrives on the same? 'What Comes After Farce?' comments on shifts in art, criticism, and fiction in the face of the current regime of war, surveillance, extreme inequality, and media disruption. A first section focuses on the cultural politics of emergency since 9/11, including the use and abuse of trauma, paranoia, and kitsch. A second reviews the neoliberal makeover of art institutions during the same period. Finally, a third section surveys transformations in media as reflected in recent art, film, and fiction. Among the phenomena explored here are “machine vision” (images produced by machines for other machines without a human interface),“operational images” (images that do not represent the world so much as intervene in it), and the algorithmic scripting of information so pervasive in our everyday lives.
Critical Theory
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Irish-born designer Eileen Gray (1878-1976) is widely known today as a pioneer of both Art Deco and Modernism. In a career spanning nearly 80 years she produced innovative designs for furniture, lighting, carpets, interiors and architecture. Much less well known is that throughout her life as a designer and an architect she never stopped producing small paintings and(...)
Eileen Gray: the private painter
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Irish-born designer Eileen Gray (1878-1976) is widely known today as a pioneer of both Art Deco and Modernism. In a career spanning nearly 80 years she produced innovative designs for furniture, lighting, carpets, interiors and architecture. Much less well known is that throughout her life as a designer and an architect she never stopped producing small paintings and drawings. This book is the first to focus on Eileen Gray's important but essentially private work as a painter. Eileen Gray considered herself a designer and an architect, not a painter: she viewed her work as a painter with great modesty, treating it as a private occupation and a vehicle for artistic expression during periods when she could not design furniture. Much of her artwork has disappeared, either lost in the Second World War or destroyed by the artist herself. But a body of works on paper, produced between the 1920s and the 1950s, has survived: elegant, geometric drawings and gouaches of muted tonality and subtle power. This book, which reproduces unseen material from the Eileen Gray archive and draws on Gray's correspondence with her niece Prunella Clough on the nature of painting, will be a revelation to her many followers and admirers.
Design Monographs
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"Peeking through the Keyhole" is about transformations in the way we live and the places we call home. Until the past few decades, transitions in the style of homes and types of households were slow and gradual. With today's instant communication, the way we observe other people, other cultures, and other times has altered, and been altered by, the homes we live in.(...)
Architectural Theory
January 2002, Montréal
Peeking through the keyhole : the evolution of North American homes
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"Peeking through the Keyhole" is about transformations in the way we live and the places we call home. Until the past few decades, transitions in the style of homes and types of households were slow and gradual. With today's instant communication, the way we observe other people, other cultures, and other times has altered, and been altered by, the homes we live in. Avi Friedman and David Krawitz guide the reader through the trends and changes that have influenced residential design and construction over the last fifty years. From kitchens to home offices to entire neighbourhoods, they unravel the effect of technology and consumerism on the way we perceive and use domestic space, arguing that the home is no longer a product of pure design but a response to factors and forces beyond the control of designers, builders, and users. Each chapter approaches the theme of home from a different vantage point: the first three chapters focus on food and kitchens, communication, construction and renovation; the middle chapters deal with childhood and aging; and the final chapters examine our ideas of home in the context of the broader community and as an object of commerce. The authors demonstrate how much life has changed in the years following the Second World War, showing how transformations in society, the economy, and lifestyles are reflected in our homes.
Architectural Theory
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"The Organizational Complex" is a historical and theoretical analysis of corporate architecture in the United States after the Second World War. Its title refers to the aesthetic and technological extension of the military-industrial complex, in which architecture, computers, and corporations formed a network of objects, images, and discourses that realigned social(...)
Architectural Theory
July 2003, Cambridge, Massachusetts
The organizational complex : architecture, media, and corporate space
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"The Organizational Complex" is a historical and theoretical analysis of corporate architecture in the United States after the Second World War. Its title refers to the aesthetic and technological extension of the military-industrial complex, in which architecture, computers, and corporations formed a network of objects, images, and discourses that realigned social relations and transformed the postwar landscape. In-depth case studies of architect Eero Saarinen's work for General Motors, IBM, and Bell Laboratories and analyses of office buildings designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill trace the emergence of a systems-based model of organization in architecture, in which the modular curtain wall acts as both an organizational device and a carrier of the corporate image. Such an image--of the corporation as a flexible, integrated system--is seen to correspond with a "humanization" of corporate life, as corporations decentralize both spatially and administratively. Parallel analyses follow the assimilation of cybernetics into aesthetics in the writings of artist and visual theorist Gyorgy Kepes, as art merges with techno-science in the service of a dynamic new "pattern-seeing." Image and system thus converge in the organizational complex, while top-down power dissolves into networked, pattern-based control. Architecture, as one among many media technologies, supplies the patterns--images of organic integration designed to regulate new and unstable human-machine assemblages.
Architectural Theory
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Beginning with agoraphobia and claustrophobia in the late nineteenth century, followed by shell shock and panic fear after World War I, phobias and anxiety came to be seen as the mental condition of modern life. They became incorporated into the media and arts, in particular the (...)
Warped space : art, architecture, and anxiety in modern culture
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Beginning with agoraphobia and claustrophobia in the late nineteenth century, followed by shell shock and panic fear after World War I, phobias and anxiety came to be seen as the mental condition of modern life. They became incorporated into the media and arts, in particular the spatial arts of architecture, urbanism, and film. This "spatial warping" is now being reshaped by digitalization and virtual reality. Anthony Vidler is concerned with two forms of warped space. The first, a psychological space, is the repository of neuroses and phobias. This space is not empty but full of disturbing forms, including those of architecture and the city. The second kind of warping is produced when artists break the boundaries of genre to depict space in new ways. Vidler traces the emergence of a psychological idea of space from Pascal and Freud to the identification of agoraphobia and claustrophobia in the nineteenth century to twentieth-century theories of spatial alienation and estrangement in the writings of Georg Simmel, Siegfried Kracauer, and Walter Benjamin. Focusing on current conditions of displacement and placelessness, he examines ways in which contemporary artists and architects have produced new forms of spatial warping. The discussion ranges from theorists such as Jacques Lacan and Gilles Deleuze to artists such as Vito Acconci, Mike Kelley, Martha Rosler, and Rachel Whiteread. Finally, Vidler looks at the architectural experiments of Frank Gehry, Coop Himmelblau, Daniel Libeskind, Greg Lynn, Morphosis, and Eric Owen Moss in the light of new digital techniques that, while relying on traditional perspective, have radically transformed the composition, production, and experience of architecture.
Architectural Theory
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Beginning with agoraphobia and claustrophobia in the late nineteenth century, followed by shell shock and panic fear after World War I, phobias and anxiety came to be seen as the mental condition of modern life. They became incorporated into the media and arts, in particular the (...)
Warped space : art, architecture, and anxiety in modern culture
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Beginning with agoraphobia and claustrophobia in the late nineteenth century, followed by shell shock and panic fear after World War I, phobias and anxiety came to be seen as the mental condition of modern life. They became incorporated into the media and arts, in particular the spatial arts of architecture, urbanism, and film. This "spatial warping" is now being reshaped by digitalization and virtual reality. Anthony Vidler is concerned with two forms of warped space. The first, a psychological space, is the repository of neuroses and phobias. This space is not empty but full of disturbing forms, including those of architecture and the city. The second kind of warping is produced when artists break the boundaries of genre to depict space in new ways. Vidler traces the emergence of a psychological idea of space from Pascal and Freud to the identification of agoraphobia and claustrophobia in the nineteenth century to twentieth-century theories of spatial alienation and estrangement in the writings of Georg Simmel, Siegfried Kracauer, and Walter Benjamin. Focusing on current conditions of displacement and placelessness, he examines ways in which contemporary artists and architects have produced new forms of spatial warping. The discussion ranges from theorists such as Jacques Lacan and Gilles Deleuze to artists such as Vito Acconci, Mike Kelley, Martha Rosler, and Rachel Whiteread. Finally, Vidler looks at the architectural experiments of Frank Gehry, Coop Himmelblau, Daniel Libeskind, Greg Lynn, Morphosis, and Eric Owen Moss in the light of new digital techniques that, while relying on traditional perspective, have radically transformed the composition, production, and experience of architecture.
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June 2000, Cambridge, Mass.
Architectural Theory
New York, New York : fifty years of art, architecture, cinema, performance, photography and video
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After the second world war, New York became a laboratory for the avant-garde, a role it would maintain for decades. Despite the increasing globalisation and decentralization of the centers of artistic creativity, New York continues to embody some of the most significant artistic trends of the 20th century. Published on the occasion of the major exhibition at the Grimaldi(...)
Architecture since 1900, Europe
August 2006, Milano
New York, New York : fifty years of art, architecture, cinema, performance, photography and video
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After the second world war, New York became a laboratory for the avant-garde, a role it would maintain for decades. Despite the increasing globalisation and decentralization of the centers of artistic creativity, New York continues to embody some of the most significant artistic trends of the 20th century. Published on the occasion of the major exhibition at the Grimaldi Forum, the book is the first to explore this topic, broadly interpreted to encompass the fields of architecture, cinema, photography, music, performance and video. By selectively focusing on the successive arts movements of those decades (including Abstract Expressionism, Pop Art, Minimalism, Conceptual Art, and Postmodernism ), it highlights the dominant role that American artists have, through their work, played in the art world; these American artists turned New York into a unique place to express themselves as fully as possible, and to become known and established on the international arts scene. The artists, photographers, architects, musicians and filmmakers included in the book: Vito Acconci, Laurie Anderson, Carl Andre, Diane Arbus, Richard Artschwager, Richard Avedon, Matthew Barney, Jean-Michel Basquiat, John Cage, John Chamberlain, Gregory Crewdson, Merce Cunningham, John Currin, Bruce Davidson, Willem de Kooning, Jim Dine, Mark di Suvero, Elliot Erwitt, Richard Estes, Eric Fischl, Dan Flavin, Robert Frank, Helen Frankenthaler, Lee Friedlander, Tom Friedman, Robert Gober, Nan Goldin, Felix Gonzalez-Torres, Eva Hesse, Hans Hoffman, Jenny Holzer, Peter Hujar, Jasper Johns, Donald Judd, Alex Katz, Ellsworth Kelly, Andrés Kertész, Franz Kline, Joseph Kosuth, Barbara Kruger, Annie Leibovitz, Sol LeWitt, Roy Lichtenstein, Robert Longo, Philip-Lorca diCorcia, Morris Louis, Robert Mapplethorpe, Brice Marden, Mary Ellen Mark, Agnes Martin, Susan Meiselas, Joel Meyerowitz, Duane Michals, Joan Mitchell, Robert Morris, Robert Motherwell, Bruce Nauman, Barnet Newman, Claes Oldenburg, Nam June Paik, Irving Penn, Gilles Peress, Sylvia Plachy, Jackson Pollock, Richard Prince, Robert Rauschenberg, Ad Reinhardt, Eugene Richards, James Rosenquist, Mark Rothko, Susan Rothenberg, Robert Ryman, David Salle, Lucas Samaras, Tom Sachs, Andres Serrano, Joel Shapiro, Julian Schnabel, Richard Serra, Cindy Sherman, Laurie Simmons, David Smith, Doug and Mike Starn, Frank Stella, Haim Steinbach, Joel Sternfeld, Clyfford Still, Cy Twombly, Kara Walker, Andy Warhol, Lawrence Weiner, Tom Wesselman, Brian Weil, Sue Williams, Garry Winogrand, David Wojnarowicz, Christopher Wool.
Architecture since 1900, Europe
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The book reproduces a series of the collages made by David Wild. Their subject is modern architecture in the first half of the twentieth century: in the Netherlands, in Russia, and in the work of Le Corbusier. The method of the book is to show a collage on a right-hand page; then on the facing page is a (...)
Fragments of utopia: collage reflections of heroic modernism
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The book reproduces a series of the collages made by David Wild. Their subject is modern architecture in the first half of the twentieth century: in the Netherlands, in Russia, and in the work of Le Corbusier. The method of the book is to show a collage on a right-hand page; then on the facing page is a prose commentary by Wild and supporting smaller images. Introducing the book, David Wild explains that the impulse for this work lies in the aftermath of a fire in his house: his scorched books lent themselves to collage. He goes on to sketch the cultural-political climate in Britain over the last 40 years: the backdrop to his work as an architect and (less directly) to this book. In the opening section on the Netherlands, the leading theme is an architecture of social equity and continuity. Rooted in old cultural traditions, and in the particular ‘football-pitch’ landscape of the country, modern architecture could realise some of its dreams in everyday buildings. Postage stamps play an active part in many of the book’s collages, and especially in this section: the design of stamps flourished in the Netherlands, through the enlightened patronage of the Dutch post office — with several architects designing stamps too. Politics and history come to prominence in the Russian section, as a motivating force in the work of the early 1920s, and then as a heavy burden — with the onset of totalitarian control and repression. At the centre of the discussion here is the architecture of constructivism: formally brilliant, but with a clear social programme. Flight and the exploration of space are recurring topics in this section, as another and particularly Russian dimension of utopian striving The work of Le Corbusier, in Europe, North and South America, Russia and India, is treated in the third section. Le Corbusier is presented as a brilliant artist, a master architect of the greatest skill and the greatest ambition — and without scruple in pursuing commissions. The images and text follow him into the years after the Second World War, culminating in the work in India. Here there is a vision of another kind of politics, of co-operation and non-violence.
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January 1900, London
Graphic Designers, Monographs