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Japan today protects one-seventh of its land surface in parks, which are visited by well over a billion people each year. Parkscapes analyzes the origins, development, and distinctive features of these public spaces. Green zones were created by the government beginning in the late nineteenth century for state purposes but eventually evolved into sites of negotiation(...)
Parkscapes: green spaces in modern Japan
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Japan today protects one-seventh of its land surface in parks, which are visited by well over a billion people each year. Parkscapes analyzes the origins, development, and distinctive features of these public spaces. Green zones were created by the government beginning in the late nineteenth century for state purposes but eventually evolved into sites of negotiation between bureaucrats and ordinary citizens who use them for demonstrations, riots, and shelters, as well as recreation. Thomas Havens shows how revolutionary officials in the 1870s seized private properties and converted them into public parks for educating and managing citizens in the new emperor-sanctioned state. Rebuilding Tokyo and Yokohama after the earthquake and fires of 1923 spurred the spread of urban parklands both in the capital and other cities. According to Havens, the growth of suburbs, the national mobilization of World War II, and the post-1945 American occupation helped speed the creation of more urban parks, setting the stage for vast increases in public green spaces during Japan’s golden age of affluence from the 1960s through the 1980s. Since the 1990s the Japanese public has embraced a heightened ecological consciousness and become deeply involved in the design and management of both city and natural parks—realms once monopolized by government bureaucrats.
Landscape Theory
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Architect Donald Macdonald designed the Golden Gate Bridge's current tollbooths and bike rail, set the guidelines for it's retrofit, and is at the centre of the discussion around the subject of the proposed suicide barrier design. Through his eyes the balance of aesthetics, geometry, and engineering that fashion the bridge is made clear
Golden Gate bridge: history and design of an icon
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Architect Donald Macdonald designed the Golden Gate Bridge's current tollbooths and bike rail, set the guidelines for it's retrofit, and is at the centre of the discussion around the subject of the proposed suicide barrier design. Through his eyes the balance of aesthetics, geometry, and engineering that fashion the bridge is made clear
Engineering Structures
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The new eastern span of the Bay Bridge will open in October 2013 and Chronicle author Donald MacDonald is its architect. McDonald and coauthor Ira Nadel now turn their signature approach onto this new Bay Area landmark.
Bay Bridge: history and design of a new icon
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The new eastern span of the Bay Bridge will open in October 2013 and Chronicle author Donald MacDonald is its architect. McDonald and coauthor Ira Nadel now turn their signature approach onto this new Bay Area landmark.
Engineering Structures