Series
Objectile records
AP169.S1
Description:
Series 1, Objectile, 1993 - 2011, relates to the firm’s activities, from the production of decorative panels to the management of daily business. This series includes born-digital material and chiefly dates from 2004-2008. “Objectile” is a term first proposed by philosopher Gilles Deleuze in his book The Fold, published in 1988. It was used to name the research conducted by Bernard Cache and his associate Patrick Beaucé around the development of industrial means to produce “non-standard” objects. In his book Earth Moves (Terre Meuble), Bernard Cache describes non-standard objects as repeatable variations on a theme, such as a family of curves declining the same mathematical model. The randomness of their patterns recalls earth’s forms and curves, the way geography generates nature’s topography. Cache also wanted these folds and curves to express a relationship between the exterior (geography) and the interior (furniture) of architecture. From these ideas, the firm Objectile was founded created to industrially produce and market those non-standard objects mostly taking the form of decorative panels. Those panels and other furniture were among the first objects to be computationally designed with computer-aided design software (CAD) and then industrially built through computer numerical control (CNC). The patterns were designed through unique algorithms that could endlessly be modified and personalized. Materials in this series reflect the work of Objectile. This includes design and execution records for the different wooden panels and other furniture, which are primarily in still image and CAD formats (TopSolid, AutoCAD). There is also a significant body of material for the Objectile website (in HTML and XML formats). The series additionally includes textual documentation reflecting the administration of the firm, including accounting and legal documentation, as well as correspondence. These materials are in typical office formats and include email.
1993-2011
Objectile records
Actions:
AP169.S1
Description:
Series 1, Objectile, 1993 - 2011, relates to the firm’s activities, from the production of decorative panels to the management of daily business. This series includes born-digital material and chiefly dates from 2004-2008. “Objectile” is a term first proposed by philosopher Gilles Deleuze in his book The Fold, published in 1988. It was used to name the research conducted by Bernard Cache and his associate Patrick Beaucé around the development of industrial means to produce “non-standard” objects. In his book Earth Moves (Terre Meuble), Bernard Cache describes non-standard objects as repeatable variations on a theme, such as a family of curves declining the same mathematical model. The randomness of their patterns recalls earth’s forms and curves, the way geography generates nature’s topography. Cache also wanted these folds and curves to express a relationship between the exterior (geography) and the interior (furniture) of architecture. From these ideas, the firm Objectile was founded created to industrially produce and market those non-standard objects mostly taking the form of decorative panels. Those panels and other furniture were among the first objects to be computationally designed with computer-aided design software (CAD) and then industrially built through computer numerical control (CNC). The patterns were designed through unique algorithms that could endlessly be modified and personalized. Materials in this series reflect the work of Objectile. This includes design and execution records for the different wooden panels and other furniture, which are primarily in still image and CAD formats (TopSolid, AutoCAD). There is also a significant body of material for the Objectile website (in HTML and XML formats). The series additionally includes textual documentation reflecting the administration of the firm, including accounting and legal documentation, as well as correspondence. These materials are in typical office formats and include email.
Series
1993-2011
archives
Level of archival description:
Fonds
AP075
Synopsis:
The Cornelia Hahn Oberlander fonds documents Oberlander's professional activities as a landscape architect. It contains over 203 projects that span from 1950 to 2018 predominantly in Canada and in the United States, but also in Germany. The fonds is a complete record of Oberlander's work, and comprises her playground projects, roof gardens, and public space landscapes, as well as landscape designs for private residences, as well as administrative records from her practice, her professional engagements, and her research materials. The material in this fonds is dated from 1936 to 2021.
1936-2021
Cornelia Hahn Oberlander fonds
Actions:
AP075
Synopsis:
The Cornelia Hahn Oberlander fonds documents Oberlander's professional activities as a landscape architect. It contains over 203 projects that span from 1950 to 2018 predominantly in Canada and in the United States, but also in Germany. The fonds is a complete record of Oberlander's work, and comprises her playground projects, roof gardens, and public space landscapes, as well as landscape designs for private residences, as well as administrative records from her practice, her professional engagements, and her research materials. The material in this fonds is dated from 1936 to 2021.
archives
Level of archival description:
Fonds
1936-2021
DR1974:0002:007:001-068
Description:
- This album consists mostly of preliminary, design development and presentation drawings - plans, sections and elevations - for a château for M. de Lorgeril at Motte Beaumanoir, Brittany, and for renovations for a house for M. le Dhuy, perhaps in Paris. These buildings are in an austere classical style with minimal ornament and in some cases, Doric columns. Structural drawings, details of architectural elements, and coloured elevations for the Empire style interiors are included for both projects, as well as drawings for Empire style furniture for M. le Dhuy. A perspective and plan for a sepulchral chapel for the de Lorgeril family (DR1974:0002:007:030) are also included. The album contains several documents: notes by Rohault de Fleury, mostly illegible, which probably concern project(s) for M. de Lorgeril; detailed cost estimates for two country houses and a pavilion, possibly variant schemes for a single project; and letters to Hubert Rohault de Fleury from M. de Lorgeril concerning plans by the latter for an apartment house in Rennes (rue de la Poissonière and rue Beaumanoir) which he sent to Rohault de Fleury for his criticism and correction. M. de Lorgeril also sought Rohault de Fleury's advice on the municipal affairs of Rennes. There are five unidentified drawings, possibly for a hôtel for the de Lorgeril family in Rennes (DR1974:0002:007:037 - DR1974:0002:007:036). Four drawings for an unidentified country house may possibly be for a project of 1811 for a M. des Dederseul (name only partially legible), if the inscriptions on the page preceding them in the album are related to these drawings (DR1974:0002:007:037 - DR1974:0002:007:040). Also included in the album is a lot plan, inscribed with the names fo the owners, for property adjacent to rue de la Chaussée d'Antin, Paris (DR1974:0002:007:048).
architecture, landscape architecture, interior design
drawings executed between 1802 and 1833, manuscripts between 1802 and 1821
Album of drawings and manuscripts, mostly for a château for M. de Lorgeril and for renovations for a house for M. le Dhuy, France
Actions:
DR1974:0002:007:001-068
Description:
- This album consists mostly of preliminary, design development and presentation drawings - plans, sections and elevations - for a château for M. de Lorgeril at Motte Beaumanoir, Brittany, and for renovations for a house for M. le Dhuy, perhaps in Paris. These buildings are in an austere classical style with minimal ornament and in some cases, Doric columns. Structural drawings, details of architectural elements, and coloured elevations for the Empire style interiors are included for both projects, as well as drawings for Empire style furniture for M. le Dhuy. A perspective and plan for a sepulchral chapel for the de Lorgeril family (DR1974:0002:007:030) are also included. The album contains several documents: notes by Rohault de Fleury, mostly illegible, which probably concern project(s) for M. de Lorgeril; detailed cost estimates for two country houses and a pavilion, possibly variant schemes for a single project; and letters to Hubert Rohault de Fleury from M. de Lorgeril concerning plans by the latter for an apartment house in Rennes (rue de la Poissonière and rue Beaumanoir) which he sent to Rohault de Fleury for his criticism and correction. M. de Lorgeril also sought Rohault de Fleury's advice on the municipal affairs of Rennes. There are five unidentified drawings, possibly for a hôtel for the de Lorgeril family in Rennes (DR1974:0002:007:037 - DR1974:0002:007:036). Four drawings for an unidentified country house may possibly be for a project of 1811 for a M. des Dederseul (name only partially legible), if the inscriptions on the page preceding them in the album are related to these drawings (DR1974:0002:007:037 - DR1974:0002:007:040). Also included in the album is a lot plan, inscribed with the names fo the owners, for property adjacent to rue de la Chaussée d'Antin, Paris (DR1974:0002:007:048).
drawings, textual records
drawings executed between 1802 and 1833, manuscripts between 1802 and 1821
architecture, landscape architecture, interior design
Project
AP143.S4.D10
Description:
File documents an executed project for the Falk House, Hardwick, Vermont. This single-family dwelling for Mr. and Mrs. Richard Falk, was constructed on a hilltop near Hardwick, Vermont. Material in this file was produced in 1969 and 1970. Among the 103 conceptual sketches by Eisenman (DR1994:0130:001-103) are 36 large format conceptual drawings on tracing paper (DR1994:0130:068-103). Early ground and second floor plans for the house by Eisenman are probably presentation drawings, since they include a description of the functions of the rooms and furniture layouts (DR1994:0130:196-197). All of the second floor rooms have skylights, for which there are numerous design development details (DR1994:0130:207-220). Original working drawings include construction details (DR1994:0130:409-440). Among the numerous drawings for publication is a proposal for a cover of Casabella magazine (DR1994:0130:301). File contains conceptual drawings, including plans, elevations, sections, and axonometrics - many black felt-tip pen and/or graphite on yellow tracing paper and some black felt-tip pen on wove paper; and a sketchbook - many coloured pencil and/or black felt-tip pen on tracing vellum. Design development drawings include plans and axonometrics - many black felt-tip pen on blueline prints on wove paper; and reprographic copies - all blueline prints on wove paper. Presentation drawings include plans, elevations, and axonometrics - mostly pen and black ink on mylar. Drawings for publication include axonometrics - some black felt-tip pen on tracing vellum; reprographic copies - some photocopies on wove paper and some photocopies on mylar; and photomechanical prints - on wove paper. Working drawings include plans, elevations, sections, and details - many graphite on tracing vellum; reprographic copies - all sepia prints on vellum; and large internegatives of drawings. Photographs include a photograph of a model and a photograph of the finished building.
1969-1970
Falk House (House II)
Actions:
AP143.S4.D10
Description:
File documents an executed project for the Falk House, Hardwick, Vermont. This single-family dwelling for Mr. and Mrs. Richard Falk, was constructed on a hilltop near Hardwick, Vermont. Material in this file was produced in 1969 and 1970. Among the 103 conceptual sketches by Eisenman (DR1994:0130:001-103) are 36 large format conceptual drawings on tracing paper (DR1994:0130:068-103). Early ground and second floor plans for the house by Eisenman are probably presentation drawings, since they include a description of the functions of the rooms and furniture layouts (DR1994:0130:196-197). All of the second floor rooms have skylights, for which there are numerous design development details (DR1994:0130:207-220). Original working drawings include construction details (DR1994:0130:409-440). Among the numerous drawings for publication is a proposal for a cover of Casabella magazine (DR1994:0130:301). File contains conceptual drawings, including plans, elevations, sections, and axonometrics - many black felt-tip pen and/or graphite on yellow tracing paper and some black felt-tip pen on wove paper; and a sketchbook - many coloured pencil and/or black felt-tip pen on tracing vellum. Design development drawings include plans and axonometrics - many black felt-tip pen on blueline prints on wove paper; and reprographic copies - all blueline prints on wove paper. Presentation drawings include plans, elevations, and axonometrics - mostly pen and black ink on mylar. Drawings for publication include axonometrics - some black felt-tip pen on tracing vellum; reprographic copies - some photocopies on wove paper and some photocopies on mylar; and photomechanical prints - on wove paper. Working drawings include plans, elevations, sections, and details - many graphite on tracing vellum; reprographic copies - all sepia prints on vellum; and large internegatives of drawings. Photographs include a photograph of a model and a photograph of the finished building.
File 10
1969-1970
Sub-series
AP154.S1.1967.PR01.SS2
Description:
Subseries AP154.S1.1967.PR01.SS2, Twin Parks West. Sites R5-7, 10-12, 6, 8, Bronx, New York, N.Y. (1969) documents four executed buildings in the area sometimes referred to as Twin Parks Southwest. At Site 8, 167 small apartments for the elderly were built in buildings of 5 to 19 floors. The other three sites all include larger apartments for families. Site 6 contains 84 middle-income units, some of them split-level, in 11-storey buildings. Site 5-7 contains 99 appartments in10-storey buildings. Site 10-12 contains 136 apartments, a day care center and parking in 17-storey buildings.The project was developed by the New York State Urban Development Corporation. The series contains drawings that constitute a "design manual" submission and architectural and structural drawings.
1969-1971
Twin Parks West. Sites R5-7, 10-12, 6, 8, Bronx, New York, N.Y. (1969)
Actions:
AP154.S1.1967.PR01.SS2
Description:
Subseries AP154.S1.1967.PR01.SS2, Twin Parks West. Sites R5-7, 10-12, 6, 8, Bronx, New York, N.Y. (1969) documents four executed buildings in the area sometimes referred to as Twin Parks Southwest. At Site 8, 167 small apartments for the elderly were built in buildings of 5 to 19 floors. The other three sites all include larger apartments for families. Site 6 contains 84 middle-income units, some of them split-level, in 11-storey buildings. Site 5-7 contains 99 appartments in10-storey buildings. Site 10-12 contains 136 apartments, a day care center and parking in 17-storey buildings.The project was developed by the New York State Urban Development Corporation. The series contains drawings that constitute a "design manual" submission and architectural and structural drawings.
Project
1969-1971
archives
Level of archival description:
Fonds
Bernard Cache fonds
AP169
Synopsis:
Bernard Cache, fonds, 1991-2011, document the development and design process for the Objectile firm and its decorative panels and furniture. The records focus mostly on daily activities of the firm, the collaboration of principal Bernard Cache with TopSolid software, and his parallel academic work. The records consist solely of original born-digital material.
1992-2011
Bernard Cache fonds
Actions:
AP169
Synopsis:
Bernard Cache, fonds, 1991-2011, document the development and design process for the Objectile firm and its decorative panels and furniture. The records focus mostly on daily activities of the firm, the collaboration of principal Bernard Cache with TopSolid software, and his parallel academic work. The records consist solely of original born-digital material.
archives
Level of archival description:
Fonds
1992-2011
archives
Level of archival description:
Fonds
Álvaro Siza fonds
AP178
Description:
The Álvaro Siza fonds documents the architectural work of Portuguese architect Álvaro Siza. Records in this fonds document Siza’s projects from 1958-2012, including built and unbuilt designs. A collaborative project was established between the Canadian Centre for Architecture (CCA), Fundação de Serralves, and Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian to allow for international research and access to the archive. The archive is shared by the three institutions with each institution holding different projects while collaborating on the descriptive work and increasing the visibility of the archive. The holdings at both the Fundação de Serralves and Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian focus on Siza’s Portuguese projects, while the portion of the archive held by the CCA mainly includes Siza’s projects abroad. All three institutions are committed to describing the archive and making it accessible for scholarly research. The processing of the Siza archive held by the CCA has been divided into four phases to allow for access to parts of the archive while still in process. For the first, second, and third phases, the processing archivist has described the projects from the fifties, sixties, and seventies, as well as projects for the IBA competition in Berlin, urban renewal projects in The Hague from the eighties, urban plans, museums, and individual houses between 1980 and 2000. The processing archivist has also described approximately 203 sketchbooks. Many of these sketchbooks include sketches related to architectural projects which were processed. The complete list of projects processed by the CCA to date can be found in series AP178.S1. The bulk of the Álvaro Siza fonds is arranged in Series AP178.S1, which contains documentation for over 200 of Siza’s architectural projects. Records in this archive are predominantly from 1970 to 2000. Series AP178.S1 mainly contains conceptual, design development, presentation, and working drawings. Also included are photographic materials, models, born digital records, and textual documentation, which include correspondence, project proposals, and notes. The architect’s creative process is captured in 282 sketchbooks arranged in Series AP178.S2. In all there are approximately 60 000 drawings, 3000 folders of textual documentation, 9.46 linear meters of photographs and negatives, 6,545 slides, 250 CD-ROMS, 101 floppy disks, and 371 models that document the architectural activities of Siza and his office. Among the drawings are sketches by Siza on various items, such as napkins, receipts, envelopes, or on the back of working drawings. The fonds contains several types of architectural projects including residential buildings, museums, universities, urban plans, offices, and city restorations. Of particular significance are the sketchbooks, comprised of sketches for architectural projects, Siza’s travels, people, and animals as well as notes and draft letters. The sketchbooks are organized in chronological order, starting in the late 1970’s to the beginning of the 2000’s. Locations, notes, and dates have also been identified on the front of each sketchbook along with the sketchbook number. The sketchbooks provide a unique perspective of Siza’s use of drawing as part of his work process.
1958-2002
Álvaro Siza fonds
Actions:
AP178
Description:
The Álvaro Siza fonds documents the architectural work of Portuguese architect Álvaro Siza. Records in this fonds document Siza’s projects from 1958-2012, including built and unbuilt designs. A collaborative project was established between the Canadian Centre for Architecture (CCA), Fundação de Serralves, and Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian to allow for international research and access to the archive. The archive is shared by the three institutions with each institution holding different projects while collaborating on the descriptive work and increasing the visibility of the archive. The holdings at both the Fundação de Serralves and Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian focus on Siza’s Portuguese projects, while the portion of the archive held by the CCA mainly includes Siza’s projects abroad. All three institutions are committed to describing the archive and making it accessible for scholarly research. The processing of the Siza archive held by the CCA has been divided into four phases to allow for access to parts of the archive while still in process. For the first, second, and third phases, the processing archivist has described the projects from the fifties, sixties, and seventies, as well as projects for the IBA competition in Berlin, urban renewal projects in The Hague from the eighties, urban plans, museums, and individual houses between 1980 and 2000. The processing archivist has also described approximately 203 sketchbooks. Many of these sketchbooks include sketches related to architectural projects which were processed. The complete list of projects processed by the CCA to date can be found in series AP178.S1. The bulk of the Álvaro Siza fonds is arranged in Series AP178.S1, which contains documentation for over 200 of Siza’s architectural projects. Records in this archive are predominantly from 1970 to 2000. Series AP178.S1 mainly contains conceptual, design development, presentation, and working drawings. Also included are photographic materials, models, born digital records, and textual documentation, which include correspondence, project proposals, and notes. The architect’s creative process is captured in 282 sketchbooks arranged in Series AP178.S2. In all there are approximately 60 000 drawings, 3000 folders of textual documentation, 9.46 linear meters of photographs and negatives, 6,545 slides, 250 CD-ROMS, 101 floppy disks, and 371 models that document the architectural activities of Siza and his office. Among the drawings are sketches by Siza on various items, such as napkins, receipts, envelopes, or on the back of working drawings. The fonds contains several types of architectural projects including residential buildings, museums, universities, urban plans, offices, and city restorations. Of particular significance are the sketchbooks, comprised of sketches for architectural projects, Siza’s travels, people, and animals as well as notes and draft letters. The sketchbooks are organized in chronological order, starting in the late 1970’s to the beginning of the 2000’s. Locations, notes, and dates have also been identified on the front of each sketchbook along with the sketchbook number. The sketchbooks provide a unique perspective of Siza’s use of drawing as part of his work process.
archives
Level of archival description:
Fonds
1958-2002
photographs
PH1982:0347:001-101
Description:
- Album PH1982:0347:001-101 shows portraits and views of the built and natural environments of Canada, the United Kingdom and Gibraltar. The photographs of Canada constitute military portraits of the Frontier Force, the 78th Highlanders and their family members (?), general views of cities in Québec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia and the military, religious and public buildings within these cities as well as their surrounding natural environments. The photographs of the United Kingdom constitute military portraits of the 72nd and 78th Highlanders Regiment as well as a portrait of an unknown couple, general views of cities in Scotland, Northern Ireland and England and both the military and religious buildings within these cities as well as views of the natural environment of Scotland and Northern Ireland. There is one photograph depicting a placard, calling soldiers to service and one photograph of awards for the 78th Highlanders. Finally, the photographs of Gibraltar constitute military buildings.
architecture, landscape architecture, interior design, engineering, military, ornament, portrait, sculpture, topographic
ca. 1870s
Album of portraits and views of military, religious and public buildings and the natural environments of Canada, the United Kingdom and Gibraltar
Actions:
PH1982:0347:001-101
Description:
- Album PH1982:0347:001-101 shows portraits and views of the built and natural environments of Canada, the United Kingdom and Gibraltar. The photographs of Canada constitute military portraits of the Frontier Force, the 78th Highlanders and their family members (?), general views of cities in Québec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia and the military, religious and public buildings within these cities as well as their surrounding natural environments. The photographs of the United Kingdom constitute military portraits of the 72nd and 78th Highlanders Regiment as well as a portrait of an unknown couple, general views of cities in Scotland, Northern Ireland and England and both the military and religious buildings within these cities as well as views of the natural environment of Scotland and Northern Ireland. There is one photograph depicting a placard, calling soldiers to service and one photograph of awards for the 78th Highlanders. Finally, the photographs of Gibraltar constitute military buildings.
photographs
ca. 1870s
architecture, landscape architecture, interior design, engineering, military, ornament, portrait, sculpture, topographic
Project
AP206.S1.1975.PR01
Description:
This project series documents Aditya Prakash's proposal for an alternative plan for Chandigarh, India, which came to be known as the Linear City. Prakash began developing and advocating for this idea around the early 1970s. The Linear City had two fundamental ideas at its core. The first was to raise the roadways in Chandigarh (or any future city) 10-12 feet from ground level. This, he proposed, would separate vehicular traffic from pedestrians, eliminating all the hazardous impacts of traffic on daily life. The large part of the drawings for this project show sector plans and city blocks with evenly dispersed roundabout roadways as major transit hubs, wrapping around but high above centres of pedestrian activity that included shops, markets and green spaces. The sale of the land below the roadways would pay for the upheaval. He also recommended building this city only a few sectors deep, but endlessly expanding it length-wise, with a raised canal along one side to provide an additional transpiration network and irrigation. The second fundamental idea of this city was the creation of self-sustaining sectors in the city plan, advocating that each neighbourhood should have the infrastructure to provide food and recycling for its residents. He fervently argued for the reimagination of modernist Chandigarh by incorporating sustainable, local traditions - the rural should exist in harmony with the urban. In opposition to Le Corbusier and Pierre Jeanneret, he believed areas for recycling, animal husbandry, and growing food should be incorporated into the fabric of the city.[1] This project is recorded largely through original drawings of city plans, perspectives and axonometric views detailing Prakash's new vision for the city. It seems that many of the perspectives were drawn by family friend Sandeep Virmani, after listening to Prakash's ideas.[2] The project is also recorded through photographs, negatives and slides showing plans and the project model. A small amount of notes and an article on the project are also included. [1]Vikramaditya Prakash, One Continuous Line: Art, Architecture and Urbanism of Aditya Prakash (Ahmedabad, India: Mapin Publishing Pvt. Ltd., 2019), 164-181. [2]Prakash, One Continuous Line, 169.
circa 1975-2003
Linear city, Chandigarh, India (circa 1975-1987)
Actions:
AP206.S1.1975.PR01
Description:
This project series documents Aditya Prakash's proposal for an alternative plan for Chandigarh, India, which came to be known as the Linear City. Prakash began developing and advocating for this idea around the early 1970s. The Linear City had two fundamental ideas at its core. The first was to raise the roadways in Chandigarh (or any future city) 10-12 feet from ground level. This, he proposed, would separate vehicular traffic from pedestrians, eliminating all the hazardous impacts of traffic on daily life. The large part of the drawings for this project show sector plans and city blocks with evenly dispersed roundabout roadways as major transit hubs, wrapping around but high above centres of pedestrian activity that included shops, markets and green spaces. The sale of the land below the roadways would pay for the upheaval. He also recommended building this city only a few sectors deep, but endlessly expanding it length-wise, with a raised canal along one side to provide an additional transpiration network and irrigation. The second fundamental idea of this city was the creation of self-sustaining sectors in the city plan, advocating that each neighbourhood should have the infrastructure to provide food and recycling for its residents. He fervently argued for the reimagination of modernist Chandigarh by incorporating sustainable, local traditions - the rural should exist in harmony with the urban. In opposition to Le Corbusier and Pierre Jeanneret, he believed areas for recycling, animal husbandry, and growing food should be incorporated into the fabric of the city.[1] This project is recorded largely through original drawings of city plans, perspectives and axonometric views detailing Prakash's new vision for the city. It seems that many of the perspectives were drawn by family friend Sandeep Virmani, after listening to Prakash's ideas.[2] The project is also recorded through photographs, negatives and slides showing plans and the project model. A small amount of notes and an article on the project are also included. [1]Vikramaditya Prakash, One Continuous Line: Art, Architecture and Urbanism of Aditya Prakash (Ahmedabad, India: Mapin Publishing Pvt. Ltd., 2019), 164-181. [2]Prakash, One Continuous Line, 169.
Project
circa 1975-2003
No Parks?
Are parks bad? These quarantined bits of land and water speak to a confused desire for some kind of “nature”—and they might be good for our health—but do they also serve to excuse our continued bad behaviour? Parks are not innocent. City parks are real estate assets and urban “amenities” created by planners, landscape architects, hydrological engineers, police(...)
25 May 2017
No Parks?
Actions:
Description:
Are parks bad? These quarantined bits of land and water speak to a confused desire for some kind of “nature”—and they might be good for our health—but do they also serve to excuse our continued bad behaviour? Parks are not innocent. City parks are real estate assets and urban “amenities” created by planners, landscape architects, hydrological engineers, police(...)