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En France, les municipalités produisent aujourd’hui 47 millions de tonnes de déchets par an ; elles consomment environ 6 milliards de mètres cubes d’eau et produisent à peu près la même quantité d’eaux usées. Les villes consomment donc beaucoup et perdent presque autant. Elles constitueraient, selon l’écologue Eugen Odum, des écosystèmes parasites, vivant au détriment des(...)
L'invention des déchets urbains : France 1790-1970
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En France, les municipalités produisent aujourd’hui 47 millions de tonnes de déchets par an ; elles consomment environ 6 milliards de mètres cubes d’eau et produisent à peu près la même quantité d’eaux usées. Les villes consomment donc beaucoup et perdent presque autant. Elles constitueraient, selon l’écologue Eugen Odum, des écosystèmes parasites, vivant au détriment des autres tout en affectant le fonctionnement biogéochimique de la biosphère. Déchets et eaux usées sont d’excellents traceurs des relations qu’entretiennent les sociétés et la nature et permettent de s’interroger sur la permanence du parasitisme urbain — question d’importance au regard des enjeux du développement durable. Une première analyse laisserait penser que l’industrialisation et l’urbanisation caractéristiques des deux derniers siècles ont renforcé le rôle destructeur des villes et la production de déchets de toutes natures : le déchet serait en quelque sorte consubstantiel à la ville. Sabine Barles revient ici sur cette hypothèse en montrant que l’invention des déchets urbains est relativement récente.
Théorie de l’urbanisme
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Cet ouvrage est le reflet des débats qui ont animé la rencontre "Villes, voyages, voyageurs : regards sur l'Autre et l'ailleurs", organisée dans le cadre de la première Biennale de la ville et du voyage qui s'est déroulée à Villeurbanne, Rhône du 11 au 15 mai 2004. Cette rencontre se proposait, à travers une série de "tables rondes" thématiques, de "croiser les regards"(...)
Villes, voyages, voyageurs : actes de la rencontre de Villeurbanne
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Cet ouvrage est le reflet des débats qui ont animé la rencontre "Villes, voyages, voyageurs : regards sur l'Autre et l'ailleurs", organisée dans le cadre de la première Biennale de la ville et du voyage qui s'est déroulée à Villeurbanne, Rhône du 11 au 15 mai 2004. Cette rencontre se proposait, à travers une série de "tables rondes" thématiques, de "croiser les regards" sur un horizon urbain fortement marqué par la croissance des échanges, en particulier - mais pas seulement - touristiques, et par l'impact de la mondialisation. Le compte-rendu de ces tables rondes a été enrichi de plusieurs éclairages complémentaires rédigés par des intervenants ou des auteurs issus de diverses disciplines contribuant à l'approfondissement de la réflexion histoire, anthropologie, sociologie, philosophie, littérature... Ce volume constitue ainsi une invitation collective à la poursuite du débat sur le devenir de la civilisation urbaine. "La littérature voyageuse n'épargne pas les tares d'un environnement urbain souvent perçu comme inhumain et irrespectueux des hommes, qu'ils soient autochtones ou touristes. La ville met mal à l'aise les écrivains voyageurs. Elle les gêne, car le "chaos urbain" les perturbe. Il leur faut de grands espaces libres, la nature sauvage, la force de la confrontation des êtres, les yeux dans les yeux. Le plus souvent, ils fuient la ville comme une malédiction..."
Théorie de l’urbanisme
Dangereux, insalubres et incommodes : paysages industriels en banlieue parisienne, XIXe-XXe siècles
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Le paysage industriel n’est pas le fruit de la nécessité. L’État intervient dès 1806 pour protéger la capitale des nuisances – olfactives et visuelles – générées par l’artisanat et la toute nouvelle industrie. Généralisée à tout l’Empire en 1810, l’enquête préalable à toute nouvelle implantation, dite commodo et incommodo, est le premier manifeste du développement(...)
Théorie de l’urbanisme
novembre 2004, Seyssel, France
Dangereux, insalubres et incommodes : paysages industriels en banlieue parisienne, XIXe-XXe siècles
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Le paysage industriel n’est pas le fruit de la nécessité. L’État intervient dès 1806 pour protéger la capitale des nuisances – olfactives et visuelles – générées par l’artisanat et la toute nouvelle industrie. Généralisée à tout l’Empire en 1810, l’enquête préalable à toute nouvelle implantation, dite commodo et incommodo, est le premier manifeste du développement durable, entre l’économique, le social et le politique. Le décret du 15 octobre 1810 gère ainsi la géographie des manufactures parisiennes: les plus dangereuses sont chassées du centre et vont essarter les faubourgs, alors que les quartiers aisés et les communes résidentielles se protègent en refusant les nouvelles implantations, donnant ainsi naissance au paysage "typique" de la première couronne francilienne Appliqué avec fermeté au début, surtout dans la capitale, le décret réduit notablement la pollution des fabriques en contenant les émanations, en élevant les cheminées et en enterrant les eaux usées. Puis, devant la volonté de faire de la France la première puissance industrielle d’Europe, il s’efface devant les grands établissements pour ne s’appliquer qu’aux petits métiers. Dès la deuxième moitié du XIXe siècle, la croissance industrielle déborde les "fortifs" et se déploie sur la banlieue, surtout au nord-est et au sud-est. Celle-ci intègre les basses couches sociales rejetées par l’haussmannisation vers les usines délétères. Dans les banlieues toujours plus ouvrières, plus sombres, la pollution échappe au contrôle de l’administration. Les bidonvilles s’étalent dans les creux du tissu industriel. L’espace est saturé, le paroxysme atteint dans l’entre-deux-guerres. Le paysage séculaire ne se transforme qu’à partir des années 60, grâce à la politique de décentralisation et de déconcentration industrielle.
Théorie de l’urbanisme
La spéculation immobilière
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Dans un merveilleux mélange de poésie et de quotidien, de contestation et d'ironie, c'est le boom économique de l'italie du nord dans les années 50 qui éclate sous nos yeux.
La spéculation immobilière
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Dans un merveilleux mélange de poésie et de quotidien, de contestation et d'ironie, c'est le boom économique de l'italie du nord dans les années 50 qui éclate sous nos yeux.
Théorie de l’urbanisme
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The underground has been a dominant image of modern life since the late eighteenth century. A site of crisis, fascination, and hidden truth, the underground is a space at once more immediate and more threatening than the ordinary world above. In Subterranean Cities, David L. Pike explores the representation of underground space in the nineteenth and early twentieth(...)
subterranean cities : the world beneath Paris and London, 1800-1945
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The underground has been a dominant image of modern life since the late eighteenth century. A site of crisis, fascination, and hidden truth, the underground is a space at once more immediate and more threatening than the ordinary world above. In Subterranean Cities, David L. Pike explores the representation of underground space in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a period during which technology and heavy industry transformed urban life. The metropolis had long been considered a moral underworld of iniquity and dissolution. As the complex drainage systems, underground railways, utility tunnels, and storage vaults of the modern cityscape superseded the countryside of caverns and mines as the principal location of actual subterranean spaces, ancient and modern converged in a mythic space that was nevertheless rooted in the everyday life of the contemporary city. Writers and artists from Felix Nadar and Charles Baudelaire to Charles Dickens and Alice Meynell, Gustave Doré and Victor Hugo, George Gissing and Emile Zola, and Jules Verne and H. G. Wells integrated images of the urban underworld into their portrayals of the anatomy of modern society. Illustrated with photographs, movie stills, prints, engravings, paintings, cartoons, maps, and drawings of actual and imagined urban spaces, Subterranean Cities documents the emergence of a novel space in the subterranean obsessions and anxieties within nineteenth-century urban culture. Chapters on the subways, sewers, and cemeteries of Paris and London provide a detailed analysis of these competing centers of urban modernity. A concluding chapter considers the enduring influence of these spaces on urban culture at the turn of the twenty-first century.
Théorie de l’urbanisme
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"Space, the city and social theory" offers a critical account of key approaches to cities and urban space within social theory and analysis. It explores the relation of the social and the spatial in the context of critical urban themes: community and anonymity; social difference and spatial divisions; politics and public space; gentrification and urban renewal; gender and(...)
Space, the city and social theory : social relations and urban forms
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"Space, the city and social theory" offers a critical account of key approaches to cities and urban space within social theory and analysis. It explores the relation of the social and the spatial in the context of critical urban themes: community and anonymity; social difference and spatial divisions; politics and public space; gentrification and urban renewal; gender and sexuality; subjectivity and space; experience and everyday practice in the city. The text adopts an international and interdisciplinary approach, drawing on a range of debates on cities and urban life. It brings together classic perspectives in urban sociology and social theory with the analysis of contemporary urban problems and issues. Rather than viewing the urban simply as a backdrop for more general social processes, the discussion looks at how social and spatial relations shape different versions of the city: as a place of social interaction and of solitude; as a site of difference and segregation; as a space of politics and power; as a landscape of economic and cultural distinction; as a realm of everyday experience and freedom. Similarly, it examines how core social categories - such as class, culture, gender, sexuality and community - are shaped and reproduced in urban contexts.
Théorie de l’urbanisme
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A revelatory conversation between two major figures in visual culture. What is a singular object? An idea, a building, a color, a sentiment, a human being. Each in turn comes under scrutiny in this exhilarating dialogue between two of the most interesting thinkers working in philosophy and architecture today. From such singular objects, Jean Baudrillard and Jean Nouvel(...)
Théorie de l’architecture
octobre 2005, Minneapolis, London
Jean Baudrillard and Jean Nouvel : the singular objects of architecture
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A revelatory conversation between two major figures in visual culture. What is a singular object? An idea, a building, a color, a sentiment, a human being. Each in turn comes under scrutiny in this exhilarating dialogue between two of the most interesting thinkers working in philosophy and architecture today. From such singular objects, Jean Baudrillard and Jean Nouvel move on to fundamental problems of politics, identity, and aesthetics as their exchange becomes an imaginative exploration of the possibilities of modern architecture and the future of modern life. Among the topics the two speakers take up are the city of tomorrow and the ideal of transparency, the gentrification of New York City and Frank Gehry's Guggenheim museum in Bilbao. As Nouvel prompts Baudrillard to reflect on some of his signature concepts (the virtual, transparency, fatal strategies, oblivion, and seduction, among others), the confrontation between such philosophical concerns and the specificity of architecture gives rise to novel and striking formulations-and a new way of establishing and understanding the connections between the practitioner and the philosopher, the object and the idea. This wide-ranging conversation builds a bridge between the fields of architecture and philosophy. At the same time it offers readers an intimate view of the meeting of objects and ideas in which the imagined, constructed, and inhabited environment is endlessly changing, forever evolving.
Théorie de l’architecture
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More than ever, architectural design is seen as a means to promote commercial goals rather than as an end in itself. Frank Gehry’s Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, for example, simply cannot be considered apart from its intended role as a catalyst for the economic revitalization of Bilbao and its ability to attract tourist dollars, regardless of its architectural merits. A(...)
Théorie de l’architecture
novembre 2005, Minneapolis, London
Commodification and spectacle in architecture
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More than ever, architectural design is seen as a means to promote commercial goals rather than as an end in itself. Frank Gehry’s Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, for example, simply cannot be considered apart from its intended role as a catalyst for the economic revitalization of Bilbao and its ability to attract tourist dollars, regardless of its architectural merits. A built environment intended to seduce consumers is more likely to offer instant gratification than to invite independent thought and reflection. But how harmful, if at all, is this unprecedented commercialization of architecture? Framed with an introduction by Kenneth Frampton, the contributions to "Commodification and spectacle in architecture" stake out a variety of positions in the debate over the extent to which it is possible—or desirable—to escape from, resist, or suggest plausible alternatives to the dominant culture of consumer capitalism. Rejecting any dreamy nostalgia for an idealized present or past in which design is completely divorced from commerce—and, in some cases, celebrating the pleasures of spectacle—the individual essays range from indictments of particular architects and critiques of the profession to broader concerns about what the phenomenon of commodification means for the practice of democracy and the health of society. Bringing together an impressive and varied group of critics and practitioners, "Commodification and spectacle in architecture" will help to sharpen the discussion of how design can respond to our hypercommodified culture.
Théorie de l’architecture
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Digital Ground is an architect's response to the design challenge posed by pervasive computing. One century into the electronic age, people have become accustomed to interacting indirectly, mediated through networks. But now as digital technology becomes invisibly embedded in everyday things, even more activities become mediated, and networks extend rather than replace(...)
Digital ground : architecture, pervasive computing, and environmental knowing
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Digital Ground is an architect's response to the design challenge posed by pervasive computing. One century into the electronic age, people have become accustomed to interacting indirectly, mediated through networks. But now as digital technology becomes invisibly embedded in everyday things, even more activities become mediated, and networks extend rather than replace architecture. The young field of interaction design reflects not only how people deal with machine interfaces but also how people deal with each other in situations where interactivity has become ambient. It shifts previously utilitarian digital design concerns to a cultural level, adding notions of premise, appropriateness, and appreciation. Malcolm McCullough offers an account of the intersections of architecture and interaction design, arguing that the ubiquitous technology does not obviate the human need for place. His concept of "digital ground" expresses an alternative to anytime-anyplace sameness in computing; he shows that context not only shapes usability but ideally becomes the subject matter of interaction design and that "environmental knowing" is a process that technology may serve and not erode. Drawing on arguments from architecture, psychology, software engineering, and geography, writing for practicing interaction designers, pervasive computing researchers, architects, and the general reader on digital culture, McCullough gives us a theory of place for interaction design. Part I, "Expectations," explores our technological predispositions -- many of which ("situated interactions") arise from our embodiment in architectural settings. Part II, "Technologies," discusses hardware, software, and applications, including embedded technology ("bashing the desktop"), and building technology genres around life situations. Part III, "Practices," argues for design as a liberal art, seeing interactivity as a cultural -- not only technological -- challenge and a practical notion of place as essential. Part IV, "Epilogue," acknowledges the epochal changes occurring today, and argues for the role of "digital ground" in the necessary adaptation.
Théorie de l’architecture
Shaping things
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Sterling offers a brilliant, often hilarious history of shaped things. We have moved from an age of artefacts, made by hand, through complex machines, to the current era of "gizmos." New forms of design and manufacture are appearing that lack historical precedent, he writes; but the production methods, using archaic forms of energy and materials that are finite and toxic,(...)
Théorie du design
septembre 2005, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Shaping things
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Sterling offers a brilliant, often hilarious history of shaped things. We have moved from an age of artefacts, made by hand, through complex machines, to the current era of "gizmos." New forms of design and manufacture are appearing that lack historical precedent, he writes; but the production methods, using archaic forms of energy and materials that are finite and toxic, are not sustainable. The future will see a new kind of object - we have the primitive forms of them now in our pockets and briefcases: user-alterable, baroquely multi-featured, and programmable - that will be sustainable, enhanceable, and uniquely identifiable. Sterling coins the term "spime" for them, these future manufactured objects with informational support so extensive and rich that they are regarded as material instantiations of an immaterial system. Spimes are designed on screens, fabricated by digital means, and precisely tracked through space and time. They are made of substances that can be folded back into the production stream of future spimes, challenging all of us to become involved in their production. Spimes are coming, says Sterling. We will need these objects in order to live; we won't be able to surrender their advantages without awful consequences. The vision of ‘Shaping Things’ is given material form by the intricate design of Lorraine Wild. ‘Shaping Things’ is for designers and thinkers, engineers and scientists, entrepreneurs and financiers - and anyone who wants to understand and be part of the process of techno-social transformation.
Théorie du design