Sub-series
CI001.S2.D5
Description:
Charles Rohault de Fleury was architect for the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle from 1833 to 1862. His work for the Muséum is represented in the CCA collection by a diverse group of prints and drawings. In addition to documenting his built and unbuilt projects, the inclusion of prints and drawings of museum and zoo buildings by other architects record, if only partially, the resources available to Charles in designing his buildings. This reference material provides insight into the influences on Charles' work as well as the nature of the design process itself. His built works, with the exception of the 1854 addition to the greenhouses, are illustrated in a book of prints with a brief accompanying text - "Muséum d'histoire naturelle: serres chaudes, galeries de minéralogie, etc. etc." (published 1837) (DR1974:0002:004:001; a second copy is held by the CCA library) (1). While prints are included for the Galerie de minéralogie et de géologie, the monkey house and the reservoirs, the majority of the prints are of the greenhouses (serres chaudes) begun 1833 (2). Known for their technological innovations in iron construction, these greenhouses utilized the first multi-storey load-bearing cast-iron façades for the central pavilions as well as space frame roof structures and prefabricated parts. This structural system is well documented in the prints in the CCA collection. The design was apparently inspired by the English greenhouses - a plate of which are included in the book - that Charles saw on a tour of England. The use of prestressed beams and curved roofs in the lateral wings attest to this influence. Charles' greenhouses, in turn, influenced the design of other greenhouses in Europe especially those at the Jardins Botanique in Liège and Ghent, Belgium (3). Although Joseph Paxton saw the greenhouses in 1833, it is unclear if they had an impact on the design of the Crystal Palace constructed 1850-1851 (4). The innovations of Charles' greenhouses continued to be acknowledged into the 20th century. Giedion in "Space, Time and Architecture", while erroneously attributing them to Rouhault (5)(6), refers to the greenhouses as "the prototype of all large iron-framed conservatories" (7). In addition to the greenhouses for the Muséum, the CCA collection includes three proposals (dated 1841) for a private greenhouse designed by Charles Rohault de Fleury (DR1974:0002:002:008 - DR1974:0002:002:013). The designs utilize the same curved roofs as the wings of the greenhouses at the Muséum combined with classically detailed stonework. An different aspect of Charles' work for the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle is represented in the album of unexecuted proposals -the only design drawings for the Muséum in the collection - for a Galerie de zoologie (DR1974:0002:024:001-079). Building on the typology of his earlier classical Galerie de minéralogie et de géologie (constructed 1833 -1841), the proposals, which date from between 1838 and 1862, illustrate a gradual enrichment of Charles' classical architectural vocabulary (8). They vary in their spatial configurations and façade treatments ranging from austere colonnaded designs with little ornament to more elaborate ones with richly encrusted facades, complex rooflines and more dramatic interior spaces characteristic of the Second Empire. The majority of the proposals consist of preliminary drawings illustrating the essential formal, spatial and ornamental aspects of the building. One proposal, dated January 1846, is substantially more developed than the others; in addition to general plans, sections and elevations, more detailed drawings are included for the layout of spaces, the elaboration of the facades, the configuration of the structure and even the designs for the specimen display cases. It is also worth noting that this album includes several plans outlining Rohault de Fleury's ideas for the overall development of the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle. In 1846, an album of prints of the Museo di fiscia e storia naturelle in Florence (DR1974:0002:005:001-018) was presented to Charles by the Grand Duke of Tuscany in response to his request for tracings of that building. These prints were probably used as reference material for the design of the new Galerie de zoologie described above. The portfolio of record drawings (ca. 1862) of the zoos in Antwerp, Brussels, Marseille and Amsterdam (DR1974:0002:018:001-027) is probably a dummy for a publication on zoological gardens as well as background documentation for the renovation and expansion of the zoo at the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle in Paris. Both drawings of the facilities for the animals and visitors and general plans of the zoological gardens are included. The Paris zoo project was apparently never undertaken. (1) These prints were reused in the "Oeuvre de C. Rohault de Fleury, architecte" (published 1884) (DR1974:0002:029:001-044). (2) Rohault de Fleury's greenhouses were destroyed in the Prussian bombardments of 1870. The greenhouses, which now stand in their place, are similar in layout and appearance to the original design, but their structural system is different. (3) John Hix, 'The Glass House' (Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1981), p. 115. (4) Ibid., p. 115. (5) This error has been repeated by other authors including Henry-Russell Hitchcock, 'Architecture: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries' (Baltimore, Maryland: Penguin Books, 1968), p. 120. (6) Leonardo Benevolo, 'History of Modern Architecture' Volume 1: The tradition of modern architecture (Cambridge, Mass.: The M.I.T. Press, 1971), p. 22. (7) Sigfried Giedion, 'Space, Time and Architecture; the growth of a new tradition' (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1941), p. 181. (8) Barry Bergdoll, "Charles Rohault de Fleury: Part two: Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle and Studies on analogous Constructions in Europe", 'CCA Research Report", n.d., p. 1.
[1837-ca. 1862]
Muséum nationale d'histoire naturelle
CI001.S2.D5
Description:
Charles Rohault de Fleury was architect for the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle from 1833 to 1862. His work for the Muséum is represented in the CCA collection by a diverse group of prints and drawings. In addition to documenting his built and unbuilt projects, the inclusion of prints and drawings of museum and zoo buildings by other architects record, if only partially, the resources available to Charles in designing his buildings. This reference material provides insight into the influences on Charles' work as well as the nature of the design process itself. His built works, with the exception of the 1854 addition to the greenhouses, are illustrated in a book of prints with a brief accompanying text - "Muséum d'histoire naturelle: serres chaudes, galeries de minéralogie, etc. etc." (published 1837) (DR1974:0002:004:001; a second copy is held by the CCA library) (1). While prints are included for the Galerie de minéralogie et de géologie, the monkey house and the reservoirs, the majority of the prints are of the greenhouses (serres chaudes) begun 1833 (2). Known for their technological innovations in iron construction, these greenhouses utilized the first multi-storey load-bearing cast-iron façades for the central pavilions as well as space frame roof structures and prefabricated parts. This structural system is well documented in the prints in the CCA collection. The design was apparently inspired by the English greenhouses - a plate of which are included in the book - that Charles saw on a tour of England. The use of prestressed beams and curved roofs in the lateral wings attest to this influence. Charles' greenhouses, in turn, influenced the design of other greenhouses in Europe especially those at the Jardins Botanique in Liège and Ghent, Belgium (3). Although Joseph Paxton saw the greenhouses in 1833, it is unclear if they had an impact on the design of the Crystal Palace constructed 1850-1851 (4). The innovations of Charles' greenhouses continued to be acknowledged into the 20th century. Giedion in "Space, Time and Architecture", while erroneously attributing them to Rouhault (5)(6), refers to the greenhouses as "the prototype of all large iron-framed conservatories" (7). In addition to the greenhouses for the Muséum, the CCA collection includes three proposals (dated 1841) for a private greenhouse designed by Charles Rohault de Fleury (DR1974:0002:002:008 - DR1974:0002:002:013). The designs utilize the same curved roofs as the wings of the greenhouses at the Muséum combined with classically detailed stonework. An different aspect of Charles' work for the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle is represented in the album of unexecuted proposals -the only design drawings for the Muséum in the collection - for a Galerie de zoologie (DR1974:0002:024:001-079). Building on the typology of his earlier classical Galerie de minéralogie et de géologie (constructed 1833 -1841), the proposals, which date from between 1838 and 1862, illustrate a gradual enrichment of Charles' classical architectural vocabulary (8). They vary in their spatial configurations and façade treatments ranging from austere colonnaded designs with little ornament to more elaborate ones with richly encrusted facades, complex rooflines and more dramatic interior spaces characteristic of the Second Empire. The majority of the proposals consist of preliminary drawings illustrating the essential formal, spatial and ornamental aspects of the building. One proposal, dated January 1846, is substantially more developed than the others; in addition to general plans, sections and elevations, more detailed drawings are included for the layout of spaces, the elaboration of the facades, the configuration of the structure and even the designs for the specimen display cases. It is also worth noting that this album includes several plans outlining Rohault de Fleury's ideas for the overall development of the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle. In 1846, an album of prints of the Museo di fiscia e storia naturelle in Florence (DR1974:0002:005:001-018) was presented to Charles by the Grand Duke of Tuscany in response to his request for tracings of that building. These prints were probably used as reference material for the design of the new Galerie de zoologie described above. The portfolio of record drawings (ca. 1862) of the zoos in Antwerp, Brussels, Marseille and Amsterdam (DR1974:0002:018:001-027) is probably a dummy for a publication on zoological gardens as well as background documentation for the renovation and expansion of the zoo at the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle in Paris. Both drawings of the facilities for the animals and visitors and general plans of the zoological gardens are included. The Paris zoo project was apparently never undertaken. (1) These prints were reused in the "Oeuvre de C. Rohault de Fleury, architecte" (published 1884) (DR1974:0002:029:001-044). (2) Rohault de Fleury's greenhouses were destroyed in the Prussian bombardments of 1870. The greenhouses, which now stand in their place, are similar in layout and appearance to the original design, but their structural system is different. (3) John Hix, 'The Glass House' (Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1981), p. 115. (4) Ibid., p. 115. (5) This error has been repeated by other authors including Henry-Russell Hitchcock, 'Architecture: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries' (Baltimore, Maryland: Penguin Books, 1968), p. 120. (6) Leonardo Benevolo, 'History of Modern Architecture' Volume 1: The tradition of modern architecture (Cambridge, Mass.: The M.I.T. Press, 1971), p. 22. (7) Sigfried Giedion, 'Space, Time and Architecture; the growth of a new tradition' (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1941), p. 181. (8) Barry Bergdoll, "Charles Rohault de Fleury: Part two: Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle and Studies on analogous Constructions in Europe", 'CCA Research Report", n.d., p. 1.
File 5
[1837-ca. 1862]
Environmental Histories
To kick off “Architecture and/for the Environment” —the CCA’s third Multidisciplinary Research Project funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation—Daniel Abramson and Imre Szeman will present two key concepts that reconceive the environment in the history of architecture. Daniel Abramson, an architectural historian, will discuss how the idea of architectural “obsolescence”(...)
Paul Desmarais Theatre
15 December 2016, 6pm
Environmental Histories
Actions:
Description:
To kick off “Architecture and/for the Environment” —the CCA’s third Multidisciplinary Research Project funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation—Daniel Abramson and Imre Szeman will present two key concepts that reconceive the environment in the history of architecture. Daniel Abramson, an architectural historian, will discuss how the idea of architectural “obsolescence”(...)
Paul Desmarais Theatre
archives
Level of archival description:
Fonds
AP051
Synopsis:
The Groupe de recherche sur Montréal fonds, 1975-1997, documents the Groupe de recherche sur Montréal’s (GRM) extensive research on the development of pre and post-industrial Montreal’s built environment. In addition to this extensive collection of research materials, the fonds also includes administrative files relating to the GRM’s everyday administration and management. Materials found in this fonds consist of approximately 40 l.m. of textual documentation, approximately 2000 maps and 1 model.
1975-1997
Groupe de recherche sur Montréal fonds
Actions:
AP051
Synopsis:
The Groupe de recherche sur Montréal fonds, 1975-1997, documents the Groupe de recherche sur Montréal’s (GRM) extensive research on the development of pre and post-industrial Montreal’s built environment. In addition to this extensive collection of research materials, the fonds also includes administrative files relating to the GRM’s everyday administration and management. Materials found in this fonds consist of approximately 40 l.m. of textual documentation, approximately 2000 maps and 1 model.
archives
Level of archival description:
Fonds
1975-1997
Nuit Blanche 2025: 38%
It is time for a systemic change in the way we design and value the built environment. The way we build is not ecologically sustainable. The building industry is responsible for 38% of the worlds annual production of greenhouse gases. During the Nuit Blanche at the CCA, we invite you to come and discuss, reflect and be inspired by the actions of the German architecture(...)
Nuit Blanche 2025
1 March 2025 to 2 March 2025, 7pm to 1am
Nuit Blanche 2025: 38%
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Description:
It is time for a systemic change in the way we design and value the built environment. The way we build is not ecologically sustainable. The building industry is responsible for 38% of the worlds annual production of greenhouse gases. During the Nuit Blanche at the CCA, we invite you to come and discuss, reflect and be inspired by the actions of the German architecture(...)
Nuit Blanche 2025
Fried. Krupp Essen A/R
PH1983:0485
Description:
Portfolio of photographs showing cast-steel muzzle-loading guns and artillery, fortress and siege mortars, coast and landing guns, workshops, machinery and company products, manufactured by the Krupp armament plant in Essen/Ruhr river valley (in Prussia). This portfolio shows different models of guns and canons, locomotive wheels, exterior views of the factory with large chimneys and line-ups of workers, a panorama showing the factory complex and dwellings built for the workers, mines, inside views of the factory with machinery and two maps : one of the layout of the grounds that is colour-coded to indicate growth between 1861 and 1871 - Rhenish Prussia (Rhein provinz), and one of the world distribution of Krupp representatives - District of Essen, Europe, Germany and the World. This portfolio was compiled and probably sent, like many others by the company, to Krupp Cast Steel Works agents throughout Europe or used as a presentation catalogue for international expositions.
engineering
between ca.1861 and ca. 1872
Fried. Krupp Essen A/R
Actions:
PH1983:0485
Description:
Portfolio of photographs showing cast-steel muzzle-loading guns and artillery, fortress and siege mortars, coast and landing guns, workshops, machinery and company products, manufactured by the Krupp armament plant in Essen/Ruhr river valley (in Prussia). This portfolio shows different models of guns and canons, locomotive wheels, exterior views of the factory with large chimneys and line-ups of workers, a panorama showing the factory complex and dwellings built for the workers, mines, inside views of the factory with machinery and two maps : one of the layout of the grounds that is colour-coded to indicate growth between 1861 and 1871 - Rhenish Prussia (Rhein provinz), and one of the world distribution of Krupp representatives - District of Essen, Europe, Germany and the World. This portfolio was compiled and probably sent, like many others by the company, to Krupp Cast Steel Works agents throughout Europe or used as a presentation catalogue for international expositions.
between ca.1861 and ca. 1872
engineering
archives
Level of archival description:
Fonds
Robert Duchesnay fonds
AP115
Synopsis:
Le Fonds Robert Duchesnay consiste en une série de photographies montrant les divers structure (principalement des dômes géodésiques) conçus ou influencée par R. Buckminster Fuller. Les photographies, prises par l'artiste et photographe montréalais Robert Duchesnay, ont été créées entre 1985 et 1992.
1985-1992
Robert Duchesnay fonds
Actions:
AP115
Synopsis:
Le Fonds Robert Duchesnay consiste en une série de photographies montrant les divers structure (principalement des dômes géodésiques) conçus ou influencée par R. Buckminster Fuller. Les photographies, prises par l'artiste et photographe montréalais Robert Duchesnay, ont été créées entre 1985 et 1992.
archives
Level of archival description:
Fonds
1985-1992
textual records
DR1999:0622
Description:
31 projects are included in the box. 1992 Florida Expo Documents include: news releases, zoning, -bridges, waterfront construction, statistics - population, land, 1967 expo regulation,-transmittals. B. Scott House, 1987 Document included: letter. Berlin Housing, 1982 Documents include: program, specifications, transmittals. Cincinnaty Performing Arts Document included: expenses. Charleston Naval Yard, 1990 Document included: invoice. Cooper Union, 1989 Documents include: agreement, program, detail reports. Cummins Engine Drawings ? Documents include compressor, machine axonometric, heat shield, -bearing housing, diffuser, wheel, shaft, turbine, drawings, 15 photographs. Frank House, 1986 Documents include: transmittals. Jubilee Point, Australia Documents include: planning, architectural services, letters, 2 photographs. Kilpatrikc Residence, 1986 Documents include: agreement, footage, cost, transmittal, memo. KINHILL JOINT VENTURE, RABY BAY, 1986 Documents include -correspondence, newsletter, Australia guidebook, site map and plan, statistics and information, reproduced photographs, deed, KNOLL TEXTILES Documents include: agreement, correspondence, accounting records. LAVILLETTE PARK, 1986 Document included: invoice. MCNEIL RESIDENCE, 1987 Documents include: invoice, letters. NORTH CENTRAL TECHNICAL COLLEGE, MANSFIELD, OHIO, 1987 Document included: project manual. PACIFIC DESIGN CENTER PHASE II/EXPANSION WEST HOLLYWOOD, CALIFORNIA, 1995 Document included: design criteria. PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE TRIANGLE, WASHINGTON, DC, 1981 Documents include: budget analysis, maps, management. PLAZA PARK DESIGN, CHARLOTTE, NORTH CAROLINA, 1986 Documents include: directory, prospectus, program, correspondence, memos, newspaper clippings. PROGRESSIVE / NORTH MALL PLANNING DISTRICT CLEVELAND OHIO, 1986 Documents include -state & city maps, historical photographs (reproductions), articles, sketches, specifications, photograph, site plans/maps, contract, schedules, memos, contract, schedule, memo, site plan, specifications. PROGRESSIVE O. PARK Document included: filing index. RIVERPLACE, 1989 Documents include filing index, directory, memo, meeting minutes, transmittals, sketches, expenses. Documents include: filing index & directory, meeting minutes, transmittals & sketches. ROME TRIENNALE, 1985 Documents include: press communiqué, program, correspondence, sketches, drawings, 4 slides. ROSE RESIDENCE, 1987 Documents include: job list, transmittal, memo, newspaper clipping. SAINT PAUL MINNESOTA CAPITOL GROUNDS, 1986 Documents include: jury, program, correspondence, memos, newspaper clipping. SHARP II Documents include: schedule, calculations, correspondence, memos. SKID POWELL CANDELABRA, 1990 Document included: letter. TOBACCO ROW, RICHMOND VIRGINIA, 1986 Documents include: proposals, budget, agreement, cost estimates, permits, schedule. UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH SEWANEE, TENNESSEE, 1986 Document included: letter. WEXNER HOUSE, 1986 Documents include: area calculations, correspondence, memos, transmittal & drawing. YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF NURSING, 1989 Document included: letter. ZURICH REBSTOCK Documents include: filing index, other European project with numbers and summaries programs, sketches.
News releases, zoning, bridges, waterfront construction, statistics population, land, 1967 expo regulation
Actions:
DR1999:0622
Description:
31 projects are included in the box. 1992 Florida Expo Documents include: news releases, zoning, -bridges, waterfront construction, statistics - population, land, 1967 expo regulation,-transmittals. B. Scott House, 1987 Document included: letter. Berlin Housing, 1982 Documents include: program, specifications, transmittals. Cincinnaty Performing Arts Document included: expenses. Charleston Naval Yard, 1990 Document included: invoice. Cooper Union, 1989 Documents include: agreement, program, detail reports. Cummins Engine Drawings ? Documents include compressor, machine axonometric, heat shield, -bearing housing, diffuser, wheel, shaft, turbine, drawings, 15 photographs. Frank House, 1986 Documents include: transmittals. Jubilee Point, Australia Documents include: planning, architectural services, letters, 2 photographs. Kilpatrikc Residence, 1986 Documents include: agreement, footage, cost, transmittal, memo. KINHILL JOINT VENTURE, RABY BAY, 1986 Documents include -correspondence, newsletter, Australia guidebook, site map and plan, statistics and information, reproduced photographs, deed, KNOLL TEXTILES Documents include: agreement, correspondence, accounting records. LAVILLETTE PARK, 1986 Document included: invoice. MCNEIL RESIDENCE, 1987 Documents include: invoice, letters. NORTH CENTRAL TECHNICAL COLLEGE, MANSFIELD, OHIO, 1987 Document included: project manual. PACIFIC DESIGN CENTER PHASE II/EXPANSION WEST HOLLYWOOD, CALIFORNIA, 1995 Document included: design criteria. PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE TRIANGLE, WASHINGTON, DC, 1981 Documents include: budget analysis, maps, management. PLAZA PARK DESIGN, CHARLOTTE, NORTH CAROLINA, 1986 Documents include: directory, prospectus, program, correspondence, memos, newspaper clippings. PROGRESSIVE / NORTH MALL PLANNING DISTRICT CLEVELAND OHIO, 1986 Documents include -state & city maps, historical photographs (reproductions), articles, sketches, specifications, photograph, site plans/maps, contract, schedules, memos, contract, schedule, memo, site plan, specifications. PROGRESSIVE O. PARK Document included: filing index. RIVERPLACE, 1989 Documents include filing index, directory, memo, meeting minutes, transmittals, sketches, expenses. Documents include: filing index & directory, meeting minutes, transmittals & sketches. ROME TRIENNALE, 1985 Documents include: press communiqué, program, correspondence, sketches, drawings, 4 slides. ROSE RESIDENCE, 1987 Documents include: job list, transmittal, memo, newspaper clipping. SAINT PAUL MINNESOTA CAPITOL GROUNDS, 1986 Documents include: jury, program, correspondence, memos, newspaper clipping. SHARP II Documents include: schedule, calculations, correspondence, memos. SKID POWELL CANDELABRA, 1990 Document included: letter. TOBACCO ROW, RICHMOND VIRGINIA, 1986 Documents include: proposals, budget, agreement, cost estimates, permits, schedule. UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH SEWANEE, TENNESSEE, 1986 Document included: letter. WEXNER HOUSE, 1986 Documents include: area calculations, correspondence, memos, transmittal & drawing. YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF NURSING, 1989 Document included: letter. ZURICH REBSTOCK Documents include: filing index, other European project with numbers and summaries programs, sketches.
textual records
American artist Amie Siegel’s moving image work Provenance (2013) follows the global trade of furniture from Chandigarh in reverse: from the homes of collectors in Europe and North America to sale at auction, restoration, through overseas transport and finally back to India. Originally designed by Le Corbusier and Pierre Jeanneret, the Chandigarh furniture now sells(...)
24 April 2014 , 6pm
Artist’s Talk: Amie Siegel, Provenance
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Description:
American artist Amie Siegel’s moving image work Provenance (2013) follows the global trade of furniture from Chandigarh in reverse: from the homes of collectors in Europe and North America to sale at auction, restoration, through overseas transport and finally back to India. Originally designed by Le Corbusier and Pierre Jeanneret, the Chandigarh furniture now sells(...)
archives
Level of archival description:
Fonds
AP226
Synopsis:
The Toyo Ito & Associates, Architects fonds, 1970 – 2011, documents the studio’s architectural work and involvement in selected exhibitions in the 1970s and 1980s. The records in this fonds represent 34 architectural projects, including built, unbuilt, and conceptual projects. The majority of the projects are located in Japan and are mostly documented through drawings as well as a limited number of videos, models, panels, textual records, and photographs. The fonds also contains records related to Toyo Ito & Associates, Architects’ participation in three exhibitions in the USA and the UK in 1978 and 1986.
1970 - 2011
Toyo Ito & Associates, Architects fonds
Actions:
AP226
Synopsis:
The Toyo Ito & Associates, Architects fonds, 1970 – 2011, documents the studio’s architectural work and involvement in selected exhibitions in the 1970s and 1980s. The records in this fonds represent 34 architectural projects, including built, unbuilt, and conceptual projects. The majority of the projects are located in Japan and are mostly documented through drawings as well as a limited number of videos, models, panels, textual records, and photographs. The fonds also contains records related to Toyo Ito & Associates, Architects’ participation in three exhibitions in the USA and the UK in 1978 and 1986.
archives
Level of archival description:
Fonds
1970 - 2011
The history of architecture addresses the relationships between spaces, buildings, urban geometries, and social practices—it tells us how an experience of space corresponds to an experience of the world. To this end, this lecture will analyze the sixteenth-century debate around the completion of the facade of the Basilica of San Petronio in Bologna, partially built in the(...)
Paul Desmarais Theatre Keyword(s):
Guido Beltramini, church of San Petronio, Bologna, Andrea Palladio, Baldassare Peruzzi, Giacomo da Vignola
5 October 2017, 6:30pm
Guido Beltramini, what was history for patrons and architects in Bologna in 1579?
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Description:
The history of architecture addresses the relationships between spaces, buildings, urban geometries, and social practices—it tells us how an experience of space corresponds to an experience of the world. To this end, this lecture will analyze the sixteenth-century debate around the completion of the facade of the Basilica of San Petronio in Bologna, partially built in the(...)
Paul Desmarais Theatre Keyword(s):
Guido Beltramini, church of San Petronio, Bologna, Andrea Palladio, Baldassare Peruzzi, Giacomo da Vignola